Routing data packets in wireless networks with directional transmissions

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method for communicating via a routing protocol in a wireless network having directional transmission capabilities. Reliable peer stations are identified using Beamforming (BF) training feedback metrics. Routing discovery messages are transmitted by unicast to reliable peer stations, with neighborhood discovery lists disseminated among peer stations in a unicast mode. From the above information, routing tables are constructed with best routing between a source and a destination station, wherein messages can be routed using said routing table from a source peer station, through intermediate peer stations, to a destination peer station. In addition, other embodiments are described, including a simplified two-hop routing apparatus and method.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to, and is a continuation of, U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/212,209 filed on Jul. 16, 2016,incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF COMPUTER PROGRAM APPENDIX

Not Applicable

NOTICE OF MATERIAL SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT PROTECTION

A portion of the material in this patent document is subject tocopyright protection under the copyright laws of the United States andof other countries. The owner of the copyright rights has no objectionto the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or thepatent disclosure, as it appears in the United States Patent andTrademark Office publicly available file or records, but otherwisereserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The copyright owner does nothereby waive any of its rights to have this patent document maintainedin secrecy, including without limitation its rights pursuant to 37C.F.R. § 1.14.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The technology of this disclosure pertains generally to wirelessnetworking, and more particularly to a routing apparatus and method foruse in a wireless network having beamformed communications.

2. Background Discussion

As there is a need for maximizing communication in decentralizednetworks, efficient means have been sought for determining best messagerouting paths.

In decentralized networks, e.g. ad-hoc or mesh networks, data is routedfrom a source STA to a destination STA in multiple hops throughintermediate relays. Routing is the process of selecting the best routes(paths) in the network, such as disseminating information that enablesselecting routes between any two STAs on the network, from a source STAto a destination STA. A routing protocol involves methods for pathselection through certain metrics. A large variety of routing protocolshave been developed to address different network topologies, networkdynamics, complexity of methods, and so forth.

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications link budgets are poor due tohigh free space path loss (FSPL), large O₂/H₂O absorption, and largeblockage by objects. The use of highly directional (directive)communications, also known as beamforming, takes advantage of a largenumber of antennas (e.g., an antenna array) to steer transmissiontowards a desired radio direction. Beamforming is utilized to overcomelink budget limitations.

However, state-of-the art routing which heavily relies on multicastingwill not function as intended in these mmWave wireless networks.Beamforming in mmWave networks currently requires that the signaltransmitted by a wireless device be intended only to another singledevice. Hence, current schemes for multicasting or broadcasting ofinformation in prevailing wireless networks, such as WLAN at 2.4/5 GHz,cannot be used directly in mmWave wireless systems.

Accordingly, a need exists for methods for discovering a routing path toa destination while effectively allowing directional forwarding of datapackets through a number of STAs. The present disclosure fulfills theseneeds, while providing additional wireless networking benefits.

BRIEF SUMMARY

A method and apparatus for use on wireless networks for performingrouting protocols tailored for directional transmissions. The generalelements of these protocols are as follows. (a) Using Beamformingtraining feedback metrics to identify and rank reliable peer STAs. (b)Transmit routing requests in unicast mode to reliable peers. (c)Dissemination of neighborhood discovery lists among STAs in unicasttransmission. (d) Construction of routing tables that extract(determine/estimate) best routes between a source and a destinationusing the aggregated neighbor lists. (e) Use of a ranking of links basedon BF training feedback to transmit routing requests in a specificorder.

A number of terms are utilized in the disclosure whose meanings aregenerally utilized as described below.

AODV: Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector, is a routing protocol for datapackets in ad-hoc wireless networks.

Beamforming (BF): A directional transmission that does not use anomnidirectional antenna pattern or quasi-omni antenna pattern. It isused at a transmitter to improve the received signal power orsignal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at an intended receiver.

Multi-cast: In networking this is a one-to-many form of groupcommunication implemented at layers above the physical layer whereinformation is addressed to a group of destination STAs simultaneously.

NL: Neighbor List, is a list of neighbor STA links for a given STA thatexchanged either BF training or “Hello” messages with that given STA.

Omni directional: A non-directional antenna mode of transmission.

Quasi-omni directional: A directional multi-gigabit (DMG) antennaoperating mode with the widest beamwidth attainable.

RREQ: Routing Request, is a packet used in data routing protocols todiscover the path between the source STA and the destination STA.

RREP: Routing Reply, is a packet transmitted in response to RREQ inrouting protocols. Upon reception of RREP by a source STA it can starttransmitting the data packets.

Receive sector sweep (RXSS): Reception of Sector Sweep (SSW) framesthrough (via) different sectors, in which a sweep is performed betweenconsecutive receptions.

RSSI: receive signal strength indicator (in dBm).

Sector-level sweep (SLS) phase: A BF training phase that can include asmany as four components: (1) an initiator sector sweep (ISS) to trainthe initiator, (2) a responder sector sweep (RSS) to train the responderlink, (3) an SSW Feedback, and (4) an SSW ACK.

SNR: The received signal-to-noise ratio (in dB). Other similarmechanisms for determining signal integrity are considered to becumulative and/or synonymous with SNR, and are thus not separatelydescribed herein.

STA: Station: a logical entity that is a singly addressable instance ofa medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) interface to thewireless medium (WM).

Unicast: In networking, unicast is a one-to-one communication connectionbetween two STAs.

Further aspects of the technology described herein will be brought outin the following portions of the specification, wherein the detaileddescription is for the purpose of fully disclosing preferred embodimentsof the technology without placing limitations thereon.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)

The technology described herein will be more fully understood byreference to the following drawings which are for illustrative purposesonly:

FIG. 1 is a data field format for a Routing Request (RREQ) as utilizedin state of the art routing protocols, e.g. AODV protocol.

FIG. 2 is a data field format for Routing Replies (RREP) as utilized instate of the art routing protocols, e.g. AODV protocol.

FIG. 3 is a radio node diagram of an example network by way of examplein discussing embodiments according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a routing path diagram for the example radio node diagramshown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a data base record example for a neighbor list according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a message passing diagram of proactive and reactive steps informing a route from source to destination according to an embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is an air time diagram of sector level sweep (SLS) in Beamformedtraining between transmitter (STA 1) and responder (STA 2).

FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B are data field formats of an SSW feedback frame inFIG. 8A, with FIG. 8B detailing bits within the SSW feedback field, asutilized in 802.11ad specifications.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a station recording link reliabilityinformation into a neighbor list (NL) data base according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of a station recording neighbor list (NL)information into its NL data base according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a station periodically transmittingneighbor list (NL) information to its reliable neighbor STAs accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of determining reliable peer stationsaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of ranking links of N peer stations accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 is a data field format for a neighbor link (NL) informationelement (IE) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B are flow diagrams of processing routing requests(RREQs) for transmission and reception according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram of propagating a routing request (RREQ)according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 is a flow diagram of a next hop routing path determinationaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 is a flow diagram of a routing reply (RREP) for a recipientstation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 19 is a message passing diagram of signaling routing requests toneighbor stations according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 20 is a flow diagram of a source station sending unicast-basedrouting requests according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram of simplified routing-request processing for arecipient station according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram for single-input-single-output (SISO) station(STA) hardware according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 23 is a block diagram for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)station (STA) hardware according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

1. State of the Art AODV Routing and Path Discovery.

This section provides an overview of On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)Routing.

Numerous routing methods are described in the literature. One of themore prominent routing protocols is Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV) routing. This protocol has been adopted by the ZigBee standardfor routing of low power wireless personal area networks (WPAN).

The major components of AODV are: (a) Neighborhood Discovery, and (b)Path Discovery. AODV does not require a periodic advertisement ofrouting information from all STAs; whereby the overhead required forpath discovery is limited. However, as it is clear from its moniker,AODV depends on “On-Demand” routing, triggered by packets needed to betransmitted to a destination STA.

At the core of AODV is the path discovery mechanism. Path discovery istriggered whenever a source STA needs to communicate with another STAfor which it has no routing information.

The simplified steps of path discovery are as follows. (1) Source STAbroadcasts routing requests (RREQ) to its neighbors. (2) Each neighborthat hears the RREQ either agrees to the RREQ and sends back a routereply (RREP) or rebroadcasts the RREQ to its own neighbors aftermodifying the RREQ metric. (3) Eventually, the RREQ will arrive at thedestination STA. The destination STA unicasts a RREP back to itsneighbors from which it received the RREQ. (4) Each STA receiving theRREP sets up a forward pointer to the STA it received the RREP from. Itpropagates the RREP towards the source. (5) The source STA starts datatransmission upon arrival of the first RREP. It can later update therouting information if it learns of a better route.

FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 illustrate the data format for Routing Requests (RREQ)and Routing Replies (RREP) in these current systems. In FIG. 1 the RREQmessage is shown containing the following fields. Frame Control is afield containing information about the type of the frame, powermanagement information, and retried frame. Duration indicates theduration of the frame in microseconds. The RA field is a MAC addressthat identifies the intended recipient station (STA), which is aneighbor STA. In this case the RA is set to a unicast neighbor STAaddress. The TA field is a MAC transmitter address that identifies theSTA that is transmitting this frame. RREQ IE is an routing request(RREQ) information element (IE) containing the following subfields: (a)Source (originator) STA address, (b) Source sequence number, (c)Broadcast ID, (d) Destination (final) STA address, (e) Destinationsequence number, (f) Metric (e.g. hop count or airtime). The FCS fieldis a frame check sequence that validates the reception of the framecontents.

In FIG. 2 the routing reply (RREP) message contains the followingfields. Frame Control is a field containing information about the typeof the frame, power management information, retried frame, and so forth.Duration indicates the duration of the frame in microseconds. The RAfield is a MAC address that identifies the intended recipient station(STA), which is a neighbor STA. In this case the RA is set to a unicastneighbor STA address. The TA field is a MAC transmitter address thatidentifies the STA that is transmitting this frame. The routing reply(RREP) information element (IE) is an information element containing thefollowing subfields: (a) Source (originator) STA address, (b)Destination (final) address, (c) Destination sequence number, (d)lifetime, (e) Metric (e.g. hop count or airtime). The FCS field is aframe check sequence that validates the reception of the frame contents.

The following regards subfields of the RREQ IE and RREP IE fields. Thebroadcast ID is a counter that in incremented whenever the source issuesa new RREQ. Thus, this subfield uniquely identifies a specific RREQ fromthe source STA. The source (destination) sequence number is a counterthat is used to maintain freshness information about the reverse(forward) route to the source (destination). The hop count metric isincremented every time the RREQ is broadcasted by a STA to its neighborSTAs. Lifetime is the time for which nodes receiving the RREP considerthe route to be valid.

Neighborhood discovery, or local connectivity management, is anunderlying process for routing in ad-hoc and mesh networks. This is aproactive routing step that results in allowing STAs to know the nodesthat are within their connectivity range, also referred to as their“neighborhood”. Network STAs learn their neighborhoods in two ways. (1)The neighborhood is learned whenever an STA receives a broadcast from aneighbor, it updates its “neighborhood list” (NL) to ensure that itincludes this neighbor. (2) Otherwise, an STA periodically broadcasts ahello message, containing identity of the STA, to its neighbors. In someimplementations, each STA also broadcasts some of the information fromits neighborhood list. STAs aggregate knowledge of NL and informationfrom RREQ and RREP to maintain a routing table. By way of example andnot limitation, each route table may contain information about:destination, next hop, metric, active neighbors for this route andexpiration time for the route table entry.

2. Introduction of Present Disclosure.

2.1 Handling of Unicast Routing Requests.

The elements of routing data in a mesh network with directionaltransmissions are: (1) Unicast Routing Request (RREQ), (2) Routing Reply(RREP), and Neighbor List (NL).

Unlike broadcast/multicast RREQ of state-of-the-art routing protocols,in the unicast RREQ, the RREQ is directed towards one STA at a time. Itis transmitted with beamforming where it is assumed that BF training hasbeen established between the network STAs. For compatibility the RREPcan be the same as utilized in state-of-the art protocols. The Neighborlist (NL) is a list of neighbor STAs that every STA shares with itsneighbors.

2.2 Unicast Routing Requests Via Neighbor List Announcement.

The mesh network formation follows both proactive and reactive steps. Inthe proactive steps, upon expiration of a periodic timer, each STAtransmits the neighbor list (NL) information to its peers sequentiallywith beamformed transmissions. The transmitted list includes onlyreliable peer STAs to the STA transmitting this frame. Reliable peersare the STAs that can be determined from the BF training that is assumedto have taken place between the stations.

FIG. 3 depicts an example ad-hoc wireless network in which a group ofSTAs (A-F) are in the same neighborhood. In the following sectionexamples are described of reactive routing, considering in this casethat STA A is the source, while STA E is the destination, and STAs B, C,and D are potential relay STAs. Steps of propagating the RREQ fromsource STA to destination STA based on NL of each STA are: (i) A to Cand A to B; (ii) B to C and B to D; (iii) C to D, C to E, and D to E. Itwill be noted that STA F, being in the opposite direction to thedestination, does not show up in these routing paths to the destination.

FIG. 4 is a routing path diagram for the ad-hoc wireless network shownin FIG. 3. The following is a non-inclusive list of resultant routingpaths after full propagation of RREQ and RREP, which are seen by thearrow paths in the figure. (a) A→C→E; (b) A→C→D→E; (c) A→B→D→E; (d)A→B→C→E.

Source STA is based on the metric specified in RREQ and RREP which picksa single route to transmit data to the destination STA, for instance (a)A→C→E. At each node (STA) of the figure, the neighbors are depicted, forexample the neighbors at STA E are STA C and STAT D (N(C,D)), while atSTA C neighbors are A, B, D and E, and so forth as depicted.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example neighbor list data base showinginformation record entries stored for multiple stations, which by way ofillustration are represented as STA 1, STA 2 and through to STA N. Byway of example and not limitation, the data stored for each stationentry is shown comprising Link quality (e.g., SNR), BLMT, last BFtraining time, IDs of reliable peer STAs (e.g., ID 1, ID 2 , , , ID N).

FIG. 6 illustrates an example signaling sequence of forming a route froma source STA (i.e., STA A) to a destination STA (i.e., STA E). Each ofthe example STAs (A through F) are depicted along the top of the chart,with the upper portion of the chart showing the proactive step ofneighbor discovery phase, while the reactive steps are shown at thebottom portion of the table. In this example the proactive stage is seenbeing entered in response to a periodic timer expiration. The timer isrunning in the STA, such as over a processor inside the STA, todetermine time driven events and initiate a processing event when thetimer expires (fires). The timer is programmed to fire periodically tokick the proactive step of the signaling. During the proactive phase,each STA is seen communicating a neighbor list (NL) to a reliable peerSTA. It will be seen that STA F is only communicating with STA A, as theother STAs are not reliable peer STAs for this example case.

Referring to the center of the chart, a data packet is available at thesource STA (STA A), destined to STA E, and the reactive step commencesas STA A sends a routing request (RREQ) to STA B and to STA C. Then STAB sends routing requests (RREQ) to each of STA C and STA D, while STA Cis sending routing requests (RREQ) to each of STA D and STA E. When therouting request is received by STA D, then it is seen sending a routingrequest to STA E.

2.3 Making Decisions on Reliable Peer Stations.

A unique aspect of routing protocols in wireless networks withdirectional transmission is the dependence on BF training information todecide which neighbor STAs are reliable so that an RREQ is forwarded tothem. This is one of the important elements which distinguishes thepresent disclosure from previous work.

There is a trade-off between bandwidth utilization and probability offorming a routing path to a destination when deciding on reliable peerSTAs. Using a loose reliability condition leads to possibly forwardingthe RREQ to a large number of STAs, thus increasing the probability offorming a route to a destination STA. However, using a tighterreliability condition limits selection of STAs which reduces overhead,and its bandwidth utilization, in forming a route to the destinationSTA.

FIG. 7 illustrates a Sector Level Sweep (SLS) beamforming (BF) trainingprotocol between a first station (STA 1) and a second station (STA 2). Atransmit sector sweep (TXSS) is seen for a first station (STA 1) as aninitiator sector sweep, and another station (STA 2) responds with itsown TXSS. STA 1 then generates SSW feedback, to which STA 2 respondswith an ACK. Each packet in the transmit sector sweep includes countdownindication (CDOWN), a Sector ID, and an Antenna ID. The best Sector IDand Antenna ID information are fed back through the Sector Sweep (SSW)Feedback and Sector Sweep (SSW) acknowledgement (ACK) packets.

FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B illustrate an SSW feedback frame (FIG. 8A) and thebits within the SSW feedback field (FIG. 8B) of the SSW feedback frame.FIG. 8A depicts data fields for the sector sweep feedback frame(SSW-feedback) frame in the 802.11ad standard. The Duration field is setto 0 when the SSW-Feedback frame is transmitted within an associatedbeamforming training (A-BFT). Otherwise, the duration field is set tothe time, in microseconds, until the end of the current allocation. TheRA field contains the MAC address of the STA that is the intendeddestination of SW-Feedback frame. The TA field contains the MAC addressof the STA transmitting the SSW-Feedback frame. The SSW feedback fieldis explained below. The BRP request field provides information necessaryfor initiating the BRP process. The Beamformed Link Maintenance fieldprovides the DMG STA with the value of a beam Link Maintenance Time. Ifthe beam Link Maintenance Time elapses, the link operates in quasi-omniRx mode. In FIG. 8B are seen subfields of SSW feedback, comprisingsector select, DMG antenna select, SNR report, poll required flag, andreserved bits.

Two important metrics from the sector sweep (SSW) feedback frame of BFtraining can be utilized in the present embodiment for making decisionson the reliability of a peer STA. It will be noted that the best SectorID, Antenna ID, SNR and Beamformed link Maintenance time information arefed back with the Sector Sweep (SSW) Feedback, so that STAs learndirectional transmission related information through the BF trainingprocess.

The SNR value in the SNR Report field as seen in FIG. 8B is set to thevalue of the SNR from the frame that was received with best qualityduring the immediately preceding sector sweep, and which is indicated inthe sector select field.

The Beamformed Link Maintenance field provides the DMG STA with thevalue of a beam Link Maintenance Time (BLMT). If the beam LinkMaintenance Time elapses, the link operates in quasi-omni receiver mode.An STA can compare the SNR and the BLMT with specific values and decideon reliability of the neighbor STA link when assessing link reliability.

FIG. 9 is an example embodiment 30 of a STA recording link reliabilityrelated information into its NL Data base. In this process STAs recordthe link reliability info obtained from the BF training to neighbor list(NL). The recording process is activated per completion of the BFtraining. In block 32 processing has reached BF training completion withneighbor STA “m”, and the STA “m” neighbor list (NL) entry is retrieved34 from the database. A determination is made in decision block 36, ifSTA “m” has an entry in the NL database, then a read (fetch) and writeprocess ensues. If there is no entry, then block 38 is executed tocreate an entry. Otherwise, if an entry exists then the current data(present) for STA “m” is compared 40 to the existing data (previouslycollected). If there is an existing entry, link quality (e.g., SNR) iscalculated using both a value in the NL data base and a value derivedfrom the signal reception, so that the link quality can represent avalue considering time variance. For instance, the link quality isupdated with a value operating IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) filter,by adopting weighted summation of a value in the NL data base and avalue derived from the signal reception. In block 42 the data for STA“m” is updated/saved with received information, such as link quality(e.g., SNR), BLMT, and last BF training time, after which this processends 44. It will be noted that block 34 received information from NLdatabase 35, while block 38 and 42 update NL database 35 with data.

FIG. 10 is an example embodiment 50 of an STA recording neighbor listinformation into its NL Data base. When a NL is received from a neighborSTA then the STA records the neighbor list information received from itsneighbor STA to its internal NL. In block 52 the NL is received from aneighbor STA “m”, and the STA “m” NL database entry is retrieved 54 fromthe NL database 55. A determination 56 is made if there is an NL entryfor STA “m” in the database. If there is no entry, then it is created inblock 58, otherwise the current entry (present) is compared with theentry existing in the database (previously collected). Some of the datain the NL entry may be updated referring both a value in the NL and avalue derived from the signal reception, as stated earlier. In block 62the data is updated/saved for STA “m”, including link quality (e.g.,SNR), and IDs of reliable peer STAs (i.e., ID 1, ID2, . . . , ID N),then the process ends 64.

FIG. 11 is an example embodiment 70 of a STA periodically transmittingNL information to its reliable neighbor STAs. Starting in the loop atblock 72 a determination is made if the NL timer has expired. If it hasnot expired then the NL timer is decremented 74 for a later return toblock 72 for another check. After NL timer expiration, then in block 76the NL data is retrieved for this station from NL data base 75, and “M”number of reliable peer STAs are found 77. The list of reliable peers isthen ranked 78 in a links of “N” peers. A counter value for “n” is theninitialized 80 to zero (indicating a 0 peer link). A check is madecomparing the number of reliable peer links “N” to this counter value“n”. If value “n” is less than “N” then a loop with block 84, 86, 88 isexecuted for each of the reliable peer links (until n≥N). In step 84 ofthis loop, transmit beamforming is directed to the n^(th) neighbor, towhich NL is transmitted 86, after which the reliable peer counter “n” isadvanced 88 (n=n+1), after which the loop exit check 82 is performedagain. This proceeds until the NL has been transmitted to each of thereliable peer neighbor STAs.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example embodiment 90 of making the decision onreliable peers, which was shown in block 77 in FIG. 11, and is shownexpanded here in FIG. 12 with details of a specific embodiment. Itshould be noted that there can be up to “M” peer STAs in the NL.Processing starts at block 92 and then initializes 94 a value “m”, suchas to zero (0). A determination 96 is made if value “m” is less than“M”, thus determining if all of the M peers in the NL database have beenchecked. If m is not less than M, then all of the peers have beenprocessed and execution ends 98. Otherwise, more peers need to beprocessed, and execution moves to block 100 with a check of link quality(e.g., SNR) and time elapsed since BF training, to evaluate how recentthe link quality information is. In particular, the decision determinesif SNR is less than a selected threshold (α), OR of the BF training timeelapsed value has exceeded a selected threshold (β). If either of theseconditions exist, then peer STA m is marked 102 as an unreliable peer.Otherwise, peer STA m is marked 104 as a reliable peer. Block 106 isthen executed to increment the peer counter value m, before executionmoves back to block 96 at the top of the loop. In the above figure itshould be noted that α is the threshold for the SNR value, while β is areliability threshold that depends on BMLT, and β must be less thanBMLT. In one embodiment β is set for ½ BMLT.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example embodiment 110 of ranking links of N peerSTAs, which was shown in block 78 in FIG. 11, and is shown expanded herein FIG. 13 with details of a specific embodiment. Execution starts atblock 112 and loop counter value “n” is initialized 114. A determinationis made 116 if the value “n” is less than the number of peers “M” in theNL database. If n is not less than M, then the passes through the loophave been completed and block 118 is performed to pick up the top N-thpeer STAs by ranking, and processing ends 120. Otherwise, execution goesto block 122, where a check is made if the n^(th) STA is marked asreliable. If the STA is reliable, then execution moves to block 124 andthe SNR and T_(BF) of the n^(th) reliable neighbor STA are retrieved.Then in block 126 a weight factor (λ), and a value for a number ofquantization levels (Q) are set. In block 128 SNR^(Q) and T^(Q) _(BF) isdetermined with Quantized value determined as ceil[truevalue/(range/Q)]. After which W_(n), as expected quality for the link toSTA n, is determined 130 as W_(n)=floor[λ*SNR^(Q)+(1−λ)*T_(BF) ^(Q)].Then the value W_(n) is used to update 132 the sorting of the n^(th) STArank. Then the loop counter is incremented 134 as n=n+1 and executionmoves back to the top of the loop at block 116. Referring back todecision block 122, if the n^(th) STA was not marked as reliable, thenexecution would move to this increment block 134, thus skipping thisSTA, and moving on to the next STA at block 116.

The following describes the ranking of links above in greater detail.Letting W be a ranking metric that quantitatively describes the expectedquality of the links between an STA and all of its N reliable neighborSTAs. Then value “W” can be derived for example as a weighted mapping ofSNR and time elapsed since BF training (T_(BF)). By way of example, oneembodiment implements this ranking metric for each neighbor STA:W=floor[λ*SNR^(Q)+(1−λ)*T_(BF) ^(Q)], in which λ is a weight factorbetween 0 and 1 that balances the ranking based on SNR versus time sinceBF, while T_(BF)·SNR^(Q) and T_(BF) ^(Q) are the quantized version ofSNR and T_(BF), respectively. To implement the above determination,consider the case of quantizing the SNR dynamic range and the time sinceBF training (T_(BF)) range [0,BLMT] each into Q levels. As an example,assume λ=0.6, that is to say the determination provides slightly moreweight to SNR over T_(BF) for computing W. Further assume that Q=8levels, which allows representing both the SNR value and T_(BF) levelswith 3 bits each. Assume, SNR dynamic range of 40 dB and SNR=12, thenfor SNR we have: SNR^(Q)=ceiling[12/(40/8)]=3. Similarly, withT_(BF)=BLMT/2, then T_(BF) ^(Q)=ceiling[(BLMT/2)/(BLMT/8)]=4. The resultis a weighted rank metric W=[0.6*3+0.4*4]=[1.8+1.6]=[3.2]≅3.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example embodiment of a neighbor list (NL) IEwhich is contained in the NL frame. Alternatively, the Neighbor List IEmay be piggybacked on a different frame, such as a general managementframe, for instance a beacon frame, sector sweep frame, or the like.Contents of neighbor list (NL) information element (IE) may include thefollowing. Information Element ID (IE ID) is a number of bitsinterpreted by the STAs as NL announcement IE. Length value is thelength in bytes of the IE. Neighbor STAs ID Field is an ordered list ofneighbor STA IDs. STA 1 ID is the ID of the most reliable peer STA, withSTA 2 ID being the ID of the second most reliable peer STA, and onthrough STA N ID as the ID of the least reliable peer STA. A neighborsmetric field is a corresponding ranking metric (W) that quantitativelydescribes the expected quality of the links between a STA and itsneighbor STAs. W1 is a ranking number value corresponding to linkquality between STA transmitting a frame with this NL IE and STA 1. W2is a ranking number value corresponding to link quality between STAtransmitting a frame with this NL IE and STA 2. W values down through toW_(N) are provided for up to STA N.

2.4 Discovering Routes to a Destination STA.

Every STA constructs and manages a routing table as an outcome of theroute discovery process. A STA constructs a routing table by mapping NLdatabase data and processing of the received RREQ and RREP frames. Theinformation that can be stored in the routing table includes: (a) atable entry which is defined by source STA and destination STAaddresses; (b) source STA and destination STA sequence numbers, (c)partial forward (from source to destination) routing paths; (d) partialreverse (from destination to source) routing path and correspondingmetric; (e) time of creation of routing path; (f) expiration time forthe route table entry.

FIG. 15A through FIG. 15B illustrate example and processing RREQtransmission (FIG. 15A) and reception (FIG. 15B). When an STA queues atransmitting packet and there is no active route to the destination STAof the packet, then the STA initiates an RREQ transmission process asseen in FIG. 15A. In FIG. 15A an example embodiment 150 is shown forRREQ transmission, in which in block source STA queue receives a packetintended for a destination STA “D”, after which the RREQ is propagated154 (shown in more detail in FIG. 16).

When an STA receives a RREQ from its neighbor STA, it updates candidateroutes to the RREQ initiator STA. After which it checks if it is thedestination of the STA of the RREQ. If it is the destination, it replieswith routing reply (RREP). If it is not the destination, then the STApropagates the RREQ to its neighbor STAs. In FIG. 15B an embodiment 160of RREQ reception is shown, with block 162 representing that the STAreceives an RREQ initiated by STA “S”, received from a neighbor STA “P”,destined for STA “D”. Then in block 164 the STA accumulates the linkmetric value to the metric value in the RREQ. In block 166, if themetric is minimal, then the STA records “P” as the route (next hop)toward “S” in its routing table. A decision is then made in block 168 todetermine if this STA is STA “D” (destination STA) of the RREQ. If thisis the destination STA, then the STA replies 170 with an RREP.Otherwise, if this is not the destination of the RREQ, then in block 172the RREQ is propagated to another neighbor toward the destination STA.

FIG. 16 illustrates an example embodiment 190 of propagating an RREQ(was depicted previously in block 154 in FIG. 15A), described here ingreater detail. Processing starts at block 192 and then retrieval 194from the NL database 195 is performed. A next hop determination is made196 which determines where to make the next hop to reach the destination(selecting an STA on the route to the destination). A decision is madeat block 198 to determine if there is a possible route to thedestination STA. If there is no route found, then the process moves toblock 202 in which the programming falls back and selects an alternativerouting protocol, and execution ends 204. Otherwise, with a possibleroute found, the STA counter “n” is initialized 200 (e.g., n==0), then acheck is made 206 on the loop counter, to determine if all n neighborshave been processed. So if n is less than the number of neighbors N,then execution moves to block 208 and BF weights are applied toward then^(th) neighbor, following by transmitting 210 a copy of partiallyupdated received RREQ frame to the n^(th) neighbor. Then the neighborcounter is incremented 212, and the loop check performed again 206.

FIG. 17 is an example embodiment 230 describing in more detail the stepsof next hop determination which was seen as block 196 in FIG. 16. Inthis next hop determination process, RREQ is sent to N neighbor STAs,with the process commencing at block 232, upon which the loop controlsare initiated 234 to an initial condition (e.g., N=0; n=0). In block 236a check is made if the neighbor count n is less than “M” which is thenumber of peers in the NL database. If this condition is not met, thenthe process ends 238. On the initial pass this criterion fails only ifthe neighbor count is zero; afterward this criterion only fails onsubsequent passes when the count value of n has attained the neighborcount from the NL. Otherwise the looping is not complete and the value“m” is loaded 240 with the n-th neighbor from the NL database. Then acheck is made at block 242 if STA “m” is the destination STA (“D”) ofthe RREQ. If this is the destination, then execution moves directly overto block 250 which marks “m” as a STA to propagate the RREQ, after whichthe loop counters are incremented, such as N=N+1 in block 252, and n=n+1at block 254, before returning to the top of the loop at block 236.Considering now block 242, when “m” is not the destination STA (“D”),then block 244 is executed which checks if the link quality is below athreshold, or the time since the last update in link status is beyond athreshold [Is (SNR<α OR T>β)]. If the link quality is sufficient, andtimely, then block 246 is executed with a check on whether STA “m” has areliable peer that is the destination (“D”) STA. If this peer containsthe destination, then execution moves to block 250 with “m” marked as aSTA to propagate the RREQ, then continues on with updating loop countsas previously described. Otherwise, if block 246 finds that the reliablepeers of “m” do not contain the destination STA (“D”), then block 256 isexecuted with a check if the reliable peers of “m” contain STAs thatcontain “D” as its reliable peer STAs. If these peers don't have aconnection to the destination STA (“D”), then block 258 is reached withthe STA counter being incremented, and a return to block 236 is made atthe top of the main loop. At block 256, if it is found that these peerSTAs contain a STA that contains the destination STA (“D”), thenexecution moves to block 250 with marking this “m” STA to propagate theRREQ. We return now to considering decision block 244; if it is foundthat either the link quality is low, or too long a time has elapsed(i.e., possible stale link) since link information was obtained, thenexecution moves to block 258 with the STA counter being incremented anda return made to block 236 at the top of the main loop.

FIG. 18 is an example embodiment 270 of RREP recipient STA processing.In block 272 the STA receives an RREP replied from the destination STA“D”, transmitted by a neighbor STA “P”, destined to STA “S”. Then inblock 274 the STA records “P” as the route (next hop) toward destinationSTA “D” in its routing table. A check is made at block 276 if the STA isthe source STA “S” in the RREP. If it is this source, then in block 278the STA starts the queued packet transmission, as the route to thedestination is resolved. Otherwise, if the STA is not this source STA“S”, then block 280 is executed, in which the STA retrieves a routingtable entry toward STA “S” and picks up a corresponding route (next hop)STA from which is received the RREQ with best metric. Then in step 282the STA confirms route (next hop) toward STA “S” as recorded in therouting table. After which block 284 is executed in which the STAapplies transmit BF weights toward the next hop STA, and in block 286the STA transmits a copy of the received RRE to the next hop STA.

2.5 Overview of Simplified Unicast-Based Routing Requests.

The previous unicast routing scheme consists of a proactive networkdiscovery phase as well as a reactive routing phase where unicastrouting requests are transmitted by multiple STAs. This scheme is ableto discover a preferred route from the source to the destination.However, the drawbacks are excessive signaling and delay. In anotherembodiment of the unicast-based routing request the following isperformed. (1) Neighbor discovery phase is omitted. (2) The source STAunicasts the routing request first to the neighbor STA 1 with strongestlink metric according to the ranking process discussed previously. (3)If the final destination is in the list of STA 1 neighbors, then STA1forwards the routing request to the destination. Otherwise, STA 1 sendsa routing rejection signal back to the source STA. (4) If a routingrejection is received, the source STA keeps unicasting routing requeststo neighbor STAs in an order that depends on link metrics until eitherit receives a routing reply or it considers that there is no two-hoproute to the final destination and drops the current data packet. Alimitation of the above mechanism is that it works only for two-hoprouting. However, this limitation can still be favorable in some typesof delay-sensitive applications.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example signaling sequence of sending routingrequests to neighbor STAs for the two-hop routing protocol describedabove. Each of the example STAs (A-F) are depicted along the top of thechart. At the upper left corner, a packet is received at the source STAA, which sends a routing request to a neighbor STA F, with the mostreliable link. Then STA F responds with a routing rejection, to whichSTA A sends the routing request to another neighbor, which in this caseis STA C. STA C finds that it has connection to destination STA E andsends a routing request to STA E as the destination. STA E transmits arouting reply, which STA C then sends back to STA A.

FIG. 20 illustrates an example embodiment 290 of a simplified source STAunicast-based routing request. In block 292 the source STA queuereceives a packet intended for a destination that is not found in thelist of neighbors (NL), and the STA ranks links 294 of N peer STAs. Aneighbor station counter “n” is initialized 296 prior to entry intoblock 298 at the top of an execution loop. In block 298 the source STAtransmits in a unicast mode a routing request to the neighbor STA withthe n^(th) best link. The source STA receives and processes 300 theresponse from neighbor STA. A determination is made 302 if the responseis a routing rejection. If the routing was not rejected, then block 310is executed with the source STA processing the routing response andpreparing a data packet for transmission. Otherwise, if the routingrequest was rejected, then block 304 is executed in which a decision ismade if there are any neighbor STAs which have not been checked (isn<N?). If it is determined in block 304 that all neighbors have beenchecked, then (n is not <N) the processing falls back and selects 306 analternative routing protocol. Otherwise, if there are uncheckedneighbors, then the ‘neighbor’ counter is incremented 308 (n=n+1) and areturn to the top of the loop is made to block 298.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example embodiment 330 of a simplifiedrouting-request processing for a recipient STA. In block 332 the STA(recipient) receives a routing request, and a decision is made 334 onwhether this STA is the final destination STA “D” in the routingrequest. If this is the final destination STA, then block 336 isexecuted with the STA transmitting a routing reply frame to the STA fromwhich it received the routing request. Otherwise, if in block 334 it isdetermined that the STA is not the destination STA, then decision block338 is entered in which it is determined if the destination STA “D” is aneighbor of the STA. If it is a neighbor, then block 342 is executedwith the STA forwarding the routing request to a destination STA.Otherwise, since no neighbors of the STA are found to be the destinationSTA, then block 340 is executed in which the STA sends a routingrejection to the source STA.

FIG. 22 illustrates an example embodiment 350 of asingle-input-single-output (SISO) station (STA) hardware configuration.Signals 352 are transmitted/received by a communication link or I/Oconnection 354, which is seen coupled through an internal bus 356. Bus356 interconnects memory 358, transmit (TX) data processor 360,controller (e.g., computer processor) 362, and a receiver (RX) dataprocessor 364. A modulator/demodulator 366 is shown with its modulatorreceiving outputs from the TX data processor 360, and its demodulatorgenerating outputs to the RX data processor 364. Modulator/demodulator366 is coupled to an analog spatial processor 368 configured with aplurality of beamforming antennas 370.

When the station operates beamforming to a transmitting signal, the beampattern for use is commanded from TX Data Processor 360 to themodulator/demodulator 366. The modulator/demodulator interprets thegiven command and generates a command that is fed to Analogue SpatialProcessor 368. As a result, Analogue Spatial Processor 368 will shiftphases in each of its transmitting antenna elements to form thecommanded beam pattern. When the station operates beamforming to areceiving signal, the beam pattern for use is commanded from theController 362 and RX Data Processor 360 to the modulator/demodulator366. The modulator/demodulator interprets the given command andgenerates a command that is fed to Analogue Spatial Processor 368. As aresult, Analogue Spatial Processor 368 will shift phases in each of itsreceiving antenna elements to form the commanded beam pattern. When thestation receives a signal, the received signal is fed to Controller 362,via Analogue Spatial Processor 378, modulator/demodulator 366, and RXData Processor 364. The Controller 362 determines the content of thereceived signal, and triggers appropriate reactions, and storeinformation in Memory 358 as described above. The Neighbor List database is stored in Memory 358 and fetched by Controller 362. All themanagement frames, exchanged packets described above are determined andgenerated by Controller 362. When a packet is to be transmitted on theair as a response to an action to manage NL data base or routinginformation, the packet generated by the Controller 362 is fed toAnalogue Spatial Processor 368 via TX Data Processor 360 andmodulator/demodulator 366, whereas the transmitting beam pattern iscontrolled as described above simultaneously.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example embodiment 390 of amultiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) station (STA) hardwareconfiguration. Signals 392 are transmitted/received by a communicationlink, or I/O connection 394, which is seen coupled through an internalbus 396. Bus 396 interconnects memory 398, transmit (TX) data processor400, controller (e.g., computer processor) 402, and a receiver (RX) dataprocessor 404. Additional processors are coupled to controller 402,exemplified as a transmit spatial (TX) processor 408 and a receiver (RX)spatial processor 406.

Modulator/demodulators 410 a through 410 n are coupled to the TX and RXspatial processors, with each modulator/demodulator in turn coupled tothe analog spatial processor 412, with its plurality of beamformingantennas 414.

When the station operates beamforming to a transmitting signal, the beampattern and MIMO configuration for use is commanded from TX DataProcessor 400 to the TX Spatial Processor 408, formodulators/demodulators 410 a through 410 n, which interpret the givencommand and generate commands fed to Analogue Spatial Processor 412. Asa result, Analogue Spatial Processor 412 shifts phases in each of itstransmitting antenna elements to form the commanded beam pattern andMIMO configuration. When the station operates beamforming to a receivingsignal, the beam pattern for use is commanded from Controller 402 and RXData Processor 404 to the modulators/demodulators 410 a through 410 n,which interpret the given command and generate commands that are fed toAnalogue Spatial Processor 412. As a result, Analogue Spatial Processor412 shifts phases in each of its receiving antenna elements to form thecommanded beam pattern with MIMO configuration. When the stationreceives a signal, the received signal is fed to Controller 402, viaAnalogue Spatial Processor 412, modulators/demodulators 410 a-410 n, andRX Data Processor 404. The Controller 402 determines the content of thereceived signal, and triggers appropriate reactions, and storeinformation in Memory 398 as described above. The Neighbor List database is stored in Memory 398 and fetched by Controller 402. All themanagement frames, exchanged packets described above are determined andgenerated by Controller 402. When a packet is to be transmitted as aresponse to an action to manage the NL or routing information, thepacket generated by the Controller 402 is fed to Analogue SpatialProcessor 412 via TX Data Processor 400, TX Spatial Processor 408, andmodulators/demodulators 410 a through 410 n, whereas the transmittingbeam pattern are controlled as described above simultaneously.

The enhancements described in the presented technology can be readilyimplemented within various peer devices configured for wireless networkcommunication. It should also be appreciated that wireless networkcommunication peer devices are preferably implemented to include one ormore computer processor devices (e.g., CPU, microprocessor,microcontroller, computer enabled ASIC, etc.) and associated memorystoring instructions (e.g., RAM, DRAM, NVRAM, FLASH, computer readablemedia, etc.) whereby programming (instructions) stored in the memory areexecuted on the processor to perform the steps of the various processmethods described herein.

The computer and memory devices were not depicted in the majority ofdiagrams for the sake of simplicity of illustration, as one of ordinaryskill in the art recognizes the use of computer devices for carrying outsteps involved with network communication. The presented technology isnon-limiting with regard to memory and computer-readable media, insofaras these are non-transitory, and thus not constituting a transitoryelectronic signal.

Embodiments of the present technology may be described herein withreference to flowchart illustrations of methods and systems according toembodiments of the technology, and/or procedures, algorithms, steps,operations, formulae, or other computational depictions, which may alsobe implemented as computer program products. In this regard, each blockor step of a flowchart, and combinations of blocks (and/or steps) in aflowchart, as well as any procedure, algorithm, step, operation,formula, or computational depiction can be implemented by various means,such as hardware, firmware, and/or software including one or morecomputer program instructions embodied in computer-readable programcode. As will be appreciated, any such computer program instructions maybe executed by one or more computer processors, including withoutlimitation a general purpose computer or special purpose computer, orother programmable processing apparatus to produce a machine, such thatthe computer program instructions which execute on the computerprocessor(s) or other programmable processing apparatus create means forimplementing the function(s) specified.

Accordingly, blocks of the flowcharts, and procedures, algorithms,steps, operations, formulae, or computational depictions describedherein support combinations of means for performing the specifiedfunction(s), combinations of steps for performing the specifiedfunction(s), and computer program instructions, such as embodied incomputer-readable program code logic means, for performing the specifiedfunction(s). It will also be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations, as well as any procedures, algorithms, steps, operations,formulae, or computational depictions and combinations thereof describedherein, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based computersystems which perform the specified function(s) or step(s), orcombinations of special purpose hardware and computer-readable programcode.

Furthermore, these computer program instructions, such as embodied incomputer-readable program code, may also be stored in one or morecomputer-readable memory or memory devices that can direct a computerprocessor or other programmable processing apparatus to function in aparticular manner, such that the instructions stored in thecomputer-readable memory or memory devices produce an article ofmanufacture including instruction means which implement the functionspecified in the block(s) of the flowchart(s). The computer programinstructions may also be executed by a computer processor or otherprogrammable processing apparatus to cause a series of operational stepsto be performed on the computer processor or other programmableprocessing apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such thatthe instructions which execute on the computer processor or otherprogrammable processing apparatus provide steps for implementing thefunctions specified in the block(s) of the flowchart(s), procedure (s)algorithm(s), step(s), operation(s), formula(e), or computationaldepiction(s).

It will further be appreciated that the terms “programming” or “programexecutable” as used herein refer to one or more instructions that can beexecuted by one or more computer processors to perform one or morefunctions as described herein. The instructions can be embodied insoftware, in firmware, or in a combination of software and firmware. Theinstructions can be stored local to the device in non-transitory media,or can be stored remotely such as on a server, or all or a portion ofthe instructions can be stored locally and remotely. Instructions storedremotely can be downloaded (pushed) to the device by user initiation, orautomatically based on one or more factors.

It will further be appreciated that as used herein, that the termsprocessor, computer processor, central processing unit (CPU), andcomputer are used synonymously to denote a device capable of executingthe instructions and communicating with input/output interfaces and/orperipheral devices, and that the terms processor, computer processor,CPU, and computer are intended to encompass single or multiple devices,single core and multicore devices, and variations thereof.

From the description herein, it will be appreciated that the presentdisclosure encompasses multiple embodiments which include, but are notlimited to, the following:

1. An apparatus for communicating via a routing protocol in a wirelessnetwork having directional transmission, comprising: (a) a transceiverconfigured for communicating over a wireless network with peer stations;(b) a computer processor coupled to said transceiver; and (c) anon-transitory computer-readable memory storing instructions executableby the computer processor; (d) wherein said instructions, when executedby the computer processor, perform steps comprising: (d)(i) identifyingreliable peer stations utilizing Beamforming (BF) training feedbackmetrics among the neighboring wireless device; (d)(ii) transmittingrouting discovery messages to reliable peer stations in a unicasttransmission mode; (d)(iii) disseminating neighborhood discovery listsamong peer station on the network in a unicast transmission mode; and(d)(iv) constructing routing tables that extract best route between asource and a destination station, wherein messages can be routed usingsaid routing table from a source peer station, through intermediate peerstations, to a destination peer station.

2. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, further comprising using aranking of links to peer stations based on said Beamforming (BF)training feedback metrics to transmit routing requests in a specificorder.

3. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said Beamforming(BF) training comprises: (A) training an initiator peer station with aninitiator sector sweep (ISS); (B) training a responder peer station witha responder sector sweep (RSS); (C) returning sector sweep (SSW)feedback, and (D) generating a sector sweep (SSW) acknowledgement (ACK).

4. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said routing tablecomprises: (A) source station address; (B) destination station address;(C) source station sequence number; (D) destination station sequencenumber; (E) partial forward routing paths; (F) partial reverse routingpath and corresponding metric; (G) time of routing path creation; (H)expiration time for route table entry.

5. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said transceivercomprises a single-input-single-output (SISO) transmitter and receiver.

6. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said transceivercomprises a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmitter andreceiver.

7. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said transceiver,comprises: (A) at least one transmitter data processor, coupled to amodulator input of at least one modulator/demodulator which is coupledto an analog spatial processor configured for connection to an antennaarray; and (B) at least one receiver data processor, receivingdemodulator output from the at least one modulator/demodulator which iscoupled to the analog spatial processor configured for connection to theantenna array.

8. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said transceiverfurther comprises: (C) at least one transmitter spatial processorcoupled between each of said at least one transmitter data processorsand each of said at least one modulator/demodulator; and (D) at leastone receiver spatial processor coupled between each of said at least onereceiver data processors and each of said at least onemodulator/demodulators.

9. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said wirelessnetwork with peer stations comprises an ad-hoc network.

10. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said peer stationcomprises a logical entity as a singly addressable instance of a mediumaccess control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) interface to the wirelessnetwork.

11. An apparatus for communicating via a two-hop simplified routingprotocol in a wireless network having directional transmission,comprising: (a) a transceiver configured for communicating over awireless network with peer stations; (b) a computer processor coupled tosaid transceiver; and (c) a non-transitory computer-readable memorystoring instructions executable by the computer processor; (d) whereinsaid instructions, when executed by the computer processor, performsteps comprising: (d)(i) managing neighborhood information at eachstation (STA) performed locally; (d)(ii) ranking reliable links based onbeamforming (BF) training feedback; and (d)(iii) transmitting routingdiscovery messages in a unicast transmission mode in an order.

12. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said Beamforming(BF) training comprises: (A) training an initiator peer station with aninitiator sector sweep (ISS); (B) training a responder peer station witha responder sector sweep (RSS); (C) returning sector sweep (SSW)feedback, and (D) generating a sector sweep (SSW) acknowledgement (ACK).

13. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said routingtable comprises: (A) source station address; (B) destination stationaddress; (C) source station sequence number; (D) destination stationsequence number; (E) partial forward routing paths; (F) partial reverserouting path and corresponding metric; (G) time of routing pathcreation; (H) expiration time for route table entry.

14. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said transceivercomprises a single-input-single-output (SISO) transmitter and receiver.

15. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said transceivercomprises a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmitter andreceiver.

16. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said transceiver,comprises: (A) at least one transmitter data processor, coupled to amodulator input of at least one modulator/demodulator which is coupledto an analog spatial processor configured for connection to an antennaarray; and (B) at least one receiver data processor, receivingdemodulator output from the at least one modulator/demodulator which iscoupled to the analog spatial processor configured for connection to theantenna array.

17. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said transceiverfurther comprises: (C) at least one transmitter spatial processorcoupled between each of said at least one transmitter data processorsand each of said at least one modulator/demodulator; and (D) at leastone receiver spatial processor coupled between each of said at least onereceiver data processors and each of said at least onemodulator/demodulators.

18. The apparatus of any preceding embodiment, wherein said wirelessnetwork with peer stations comprises an ad-hoc network.

Although the description herein contains many details, these should notbe construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure but as merelyproviding illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments.Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the disclosure fullyencompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilledin the art.

In the claims, reference to an element in the singular is not intendedto mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “oneor more.” All structural and functional equivalents to the elements ofthe disclosed embodiments that are known to those of ordinary skill inthe art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intendedto be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element,component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to bededicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, ormethod step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element hereinis to be construed as a “means plus function” element unless the elementis expressly recited using the phrase “means for”. No claim elementherein is to be construed as a “step plus function” element unless theelement is expressly recited using the phrase “step for”.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for communicating via a routingprotocol in a wireless network having directional transmission,comprising: (a) a transceiver configured for communicating over awireless network with peer stations, wherein said transceiver,comprises: (i) at least one transmitter data processor, coupled to amodulator input of at least one modulator/demodulator which is coupledto an analog spatial processor configured for connection to an antennaarray; and (ii) at least one receiver data processor, receivingdemodulator output from the at least one modulator/demodulator which iscoupled to the analog spatial processor configured for connection to theantenna array; (b) a computer processor coupled to said transceiver; and(c) a non-transitory computer-readable memory storing instructionsexecutable by the computer processor; (d) wherein said instructions,when executed by the computer processor, perform steps comprising: (i)identifying reliable peer stations utilizing Beamforming (BF) trainingfeedback metrics among the neighboring wireless device; (ii)transmitting routing discovery messages to reliable peer stations in aunicast transmission mode; (iii) utilizing a ranking of links to peerstations based on said Beamforming (BF) training feedback metrics totransmit routing requests in a specific order; and (iv) wherein saidBeamforming (BF) training comprises: (A) training an initiator peerstation with an initiator sector sweep (ISS); (B) training a responderpeer station with a responder sector sweep (RSS); (C) returning sectorsweep (SSW) feedback, and (D) generating a sector sweep (SSW)acknowledgement (ACK).
 2. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, furthercomprising disseminating neighborhood discovery lists among peer stationon the network in a unicast transmission mode.
 3. The apparatus asrecited in claim 1, further comprising constructing routing tables thatextract best route between a source and a destination station, whereinmessages can be routed using said routing table from a source peerstation, through intermediate peer stations, to a destination peerstation.
 4. The apparatus as recited in claim 3, wherein said routingtable comprises: (A) source station address; (B) destination stationaddress; (C) source station sequence number; (D) destination stationsequence number; (E) partial forward routing paths; (F) partial reverserouting path and corresponding metric; (G) time of routing pathcreation; (H) expiration time for route table entry.
 5. The apparatus asrecited in claim 1, wherein said transceiver comprises asingle-input-single-output (SISO) transmitter and receiver.
 6. Theapparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said transceiver comprises amultiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmitter and receiver.
 7. Theapparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said transceiver furthercomprises: (C) at least one transmitter spatial processor coupledbetween each of said at least one transmitter data processors and eachof said at least one modulator/demodulator; and (D) at least onereceiver spatial processor coupled between each of said at least onereceiver data processors and each of said at least onemodulator/demodulator.
 8. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, whereinsaid wireless network with peer stations comprises an ad-hoc network. 9.The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said peer station comprisesa logical entity as a singly addressable instance of a medium accesscontrol (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) interface to the wirelessnetwork.
 10. An apparatus for communicating via a two-hop simplifiedrouting protocol in a wireless network having directional transmission,comprising: (a) a transceiver configured for communicating over awireless network with peer stations, wherein said transceiver comprises:(i) at least one transmitter data processor, coupled to a modulatorinput of at least one modulator/demodulator which is coupled to ananalog spatial processor configured for connection to an antenna array;and (ii) at least one receiver data processor, receiving demodulatoroutput from the at least one modulator/demodulator which is coupled tothe analog spatial processor configured for connection to the antennaarray; (b) a computer processor coupled to said transceiver; and (c) anon-transitory computer-readable memory storing instructions executableby the computer processor; (d) wherein said instructions, when executedby the computer processor, perform steps comprising: (i) managingneighborhood information at each station (STA) performed locally; (ii)ranking reliable links based on beamforming (BF) training feedback; and(iii) transmitting routing discovery messages in a unicast transmissionmode in an order.
 11. The apparatus as recited in claim 10, wherein saidBeamforming (BF) training comprises: (A) training an initiator peerstation with an initiator sector sweep (ISS); (B) training a responderpeer station with a responder sector sweep (RSS); (C) returning sectorsweep (SSW) feedback, and (D) generating a sector sweep (SSW)acknowledgement (ACK).
 12. The apparatus as recited in claim 10, furthercomprising constructing routing tables that extract best route between asource and a destination station, and wherein said routing tablecomprises: (A) source station address; (B) destination station address;(C) source station sequence number; (D) destination station sequencenumber; (E) partial forward routing paths; (F) partial reverse routingpath and corresponding metric; (G) time of routing path creation; and(H) expiration time for route table entry.
 13. The apparatus as recitedin claim 10, wherein said transceiver comprises asingle-input-single-output (SISO) transmitter and receiver.
 14. Theapparatus as recited in claim 10, wherein said transceiver comprises amultiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmitter and receiver.
 15. Theapparatus as recited in claim 10, wherein said transceiver furthercomprises: (C) at least one transmitter spatial processor coupledbetween each of said at least one transmitter data processors and eachof said at least one modulator/demodulator; and (D) at least onereceiver spatial processor coupled between each of said at least onereceiver data processors and each of said at least onemodulator/demodulator.
 16. The apparatus as recited in claim 10, whereinsaid wireless network with peer stations comprises an ad-hoc network.17. An apparatus for communicating via a routing protocol in a wirelessnetwork having directional transmission, comprising: (a) a transceiverconfigured for communicating over a wireless network with peer stations;(b) a computer processor coupled to said transceiver; and (c) anon-transitory computer-readable memory storing instructions executableby the computer processor; (d) wherein said instructions, when executedby the computer processor, perform steps comprising: (i) identifyingreliable peer stations utilizing Beamforming (BF) training feedbackmetrics among the neighboring wireless device; (ii) transmitting routingdiscovery messages to reliable peer stations in a unicast transmissionmode; (iii) constructing routing tables that extract best route betweena source and a destination station, wherein each said routing tablecomprises: (A) source station address; (B) destination station address;(C) source station sequence number; (D) destination station sequencenumber; (E) partial forward routing paths; (F) partial reverse routingpath and corresponding metric; (G) time of routing path creation; (H)expiration time for route table entry; (iv) utilizing a ranking of linksto peer stations based on said Beamforming (BF) training feedbackmetrics to transmit routing requests in a specific order; and (v)wherein said Beamforming (BF) training comprises: (A) training aninitiator peer station with an initiator sector sweep (ISS); (B)training a responder peer station with a responder sector sweep (RSS);(C) returning sector sweep (SSW) feedback, and (D) generating a sectorsweep (SSW) acknowledgement (ACK).
 18. The apparatus as recited in claim17, further comprising disseminating neighborhood discovery lists amongpeer station on the network in a unicast transmission mode.
 19. Theapparatus as recited in claim 17, wherein said transceiver compriseseither (a) a single-input-single-output (SISO) transmitter and receiver,or (b) a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmitter and receiver.20. The apparatus as recited in claim 17, wherein said transceiver,comprises: (A) at least one transmitter data processor, coupled to amodulator input of at least one modulator/demodulator which is coupledto an analog spatial processor configured for connection to an antennaarray; and (B) at least one receiver data processor, receivingdemodulator output from the at least one modulator/demodulator which iscoupled to the analog spatial processor configured for connection to theantenna array.
 21. The apparatus as recited in claim 20, wherein saidtransceiver further comprises: (C) at least one transmitter spatialprocessor coupled between each of said at least one transmitter dataprocessors and each of said at least one modulator/demodulator; and (D)at least one receiver spatial processor coupled between each of said atleast one receiver data processors and each of said at least onemodulator/demodulator.
 22. The apparatus as recited in claim 17, whereinsaid wireless network with peer stations comprises an ad-hoc network.23. The apparatus as recited in claim 17, wherein said peer stationcomprises a logical entity as a singly addressable instance of a mediumaccess control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) interface to the wirelessnetwork.
 24. An apparatus for communicating via a two-hop simplifiedrouting protocol in a wireless network having directional transmission,comprising: (a) a transceiver configured for communicating over awireless network with peer stations; (b) a computer processor coupled tosaid transceiver; and (c) a non-transitory computer-readable memorystoring instructions executable by the computer processor; (d) whereinsaid instructions, when executed by the computer processor, performsteps comprising: (i) managing neighborhood information at each station(STA) performed locally; (ii) constructing routing tables that extractbest route between a source and a destination station, wherein each saidrouting table comprises: (A) source station address; (B) destinationstation address; (C) source station sequence number; (D) destinationstation sequence number; (E) partial forward routing paths; (F) partialreverse routing path and corresponding metric; (G) time of routing pathcreation; (H) expiration time for route table entry; (iii) rankingreliable links based on beamforming (BF) training feedback; and (iv)transmitting routing discovery messages in a unicast transmission modein an order.
 25. The apparatus as recited in claim 24, wherein saidBeamforming (BF) training comprises: (A) training an initiator peerstation with an initiator sector sweep (ISS); (B) training a responderpeer station with a responder sector sweep (RSS); (C) returning sectorsweep (SSW) feedback, and (D) generating a sector sweep (SSW)acknowledgement (ACK).
 26. The apparatus as recited in claim 24, whereinsaid transceiver comprises either (a) a single-input-single-output(SISO) transmitter and receiver, or (b) a multiple-input-multiple-output(MIMO) transmitter and receiver.
 27. The apparatus as recited in claim24, wherein said transceiver, comprises: (A) at least one transmitterdata processor, coupled to a modulator input of at least onemodulator/demodulator which is coupled to an analog spatial processorconfigured for connection to an antenna array; and (B) at least onereceiver data processor, receiving demodulator output from the at leastone modulator/demodulator which is coupled to the analog spatialprocessor configured for connection to the antenna array.
 28. Theapparatus as recited in claim 27, wherein said transceiver furthercomprises: (C) at least one transmitter spatial processor coupledbetween each of said at least one transmitter data processors and eachof said at least one modulator/demodulator; and (D) at least onereceiver spatial processor coupled between each of said at least onereceiver data processors and each of said at least onemodulator/demodulator.
 29. The apparatus as recited in claim 24, whereinsaid wireless network with peer stations comprises an ad-hoc network.